Web Survey Bibliography
The detrimental effects of item nonresponse on survey samples and question outcomes have been studied for many years. However, the difference between don't know answers and refusals—two kinds of item nonresponse—has not been examined empirically. This study used the theoretical constructs question sensitivity and cognitive effort to distinguish between don't knows and refusals and examined 242 questions from various national surveys. The results show that more sensitive questions get more refusals while questions that require more cognitive effort to be answered receive more don't knows. However, cognitive effort also correlates significantly with refusals. Thus, to decrease refusals, researchers should pay special attention to cognitive effort as well as sensitivity. To decrease don't knows, researchers should focus mostly on cognitive effort.
Data collection
Web survey bibliography - International Journal of Public Opinion Research (21)
- Answering Without Reading: IMCs and Strong Satisficing in Online Surveys; 2017; Anduiza, E.; Galais, C.
- When will Nonprobability Surveys Mirror Probability Surveys? Considering Types of Inference and Weighting...; 2016; Pasek, J.
- Reducing Underreports of Behaviors in Retrospective Surveys: The Effects of Three Different Strategies...; 2016; Lugtig, P. J.; Glasner, T.; Boeve, A.
- Why Do Respondents Break Off Web Surveys and Does It Matter? Results From Four Follow-up Surveys; 2014; Rossmann, J., Blumenstiel, J. E., Steinbrecher, M.
- Measuring Political Participation—Testing Social Desirability Bias in a Web-Survey Experiment; 2014; Persson, M., Solevid, M.
- Is it what you say, or how you say It? An experimental analysis of the effects of invitation wording...; 2014; Fazekas, Z., Wall, M. T., Krouwel, A.
- A Comparison of the Quality of Questions in a Face-to-face and a Web Survey; 2013; Revilla, M., Saris, W. E.
- Evaluation of an online (opt-in) panel for public participation geographic information systems surveys...; 2012; Brown, G., Weber, D., Zanon, D., de Bie, K.
- Assessing Cross-National Equivalence of Measures of Xenophobia: Evidence from Probing in Web Surveys; 2012; Behr, D., Braun, M., Kaczmirek, L.
- Efficiency of Different Recruitment Strategies for Web Panels; 2012; Hansen, K. M., Pedersen, R. T.
- Do Questions about Watching Internet Pornography Make People Watch Internet Pornography? A Comparison...; 2012; Peter, J., Valkenburg, P. M.
- Refining the Total Survey Error Perspective; 2011; Smith, T. W.
- Seeing Through the Eyes of the Respondent: An Eye-tracking Study on Survey Question Comprehension; 2011; Lenzner, A., Kaczmirek, L., Galesic, M.
- Should I Stay or Should I go: The Effects of Progress Feedback, Promised Task Duration, and Length of...; 2011; Yan, T., Conrad, F. G., Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P.
- The Effect of Phrasing Scale Items in Low-Brow or High-Brow Language on Responses; 2009; Blasius, J., Friedrichs, J.
- Mode Differences Between Face-to-Face and Web Surveys: An Experimental Investigation of Data Quality...; 2009; Heerwegh, D.
- Cognitive Aspects of Survey Measurement and Mismeasurement; 2003; Tourangeau, R.
- Item Nonresponse: Distinguishing between don't Know and Refuse; 2002; Pamela J. Shoemaker, Martin Eichholz and Elizabeth A. Skewes
- New approaches to assessing opinion: The prospects for electronic mail surveys; 2002; Best, S. J., Krueger, B. S.
- Formal features of rating scales and their interpretation of question meaning; 1998; Schwarz, N., Grayson, C. E., Knauper, B.
- The numeric values of rating scales: A comparison of their impact in mail surveys and telephone interviews...; 1994; Schwarz, N., Hippler, H. J.